Comparison tables
Wikipedia-style comparison tables: rows are concepts or sound-law features, columns are the 10 Turkic languages grouped by branch (deepest split first — Bulgaric, then Siberian, then Old Turkic as the attested anchor, then the modern Common Turkic branches).
Cardinal numerals plus tens, scales up to million, and common fractions. Rich sound-law showcase — trigger *š→s and *č→š (Kipchak) on the units; rhotacism *z↔r (Chuvash вӑтӑр, тӑхӑр, ҫӗр) and lambdaism *š↔l (Chuvash утмӑл, ҫитмӗл) on the tens; and a clean loan case on 'quarter' (Persian çeyrek / чейрек / чӗрӗк) alongside the native analytical dörtte bir.
26 rows · 10 languages
Common body-part vocabulary — some of the most stable inherited stems, ideal for seeing regular sound correspondences at work.
11 rows · 10 languages
Basic color terms — a good compact vocabulary set that also shows the *y-/*š/*q correspondences at work.
7 rows · 10 languages
Family terms — very conservative across the family. The father/mother pair (*ata/*ana) is nearly identical everywhere.
7 rows · 10 languages
Celestial and atmospheric vocabulary. Sun/moon (*kün, *āy) are among the most stable Turkic roots; 'star' and 'sky' show branch-specific innovations.
8 rows · 10 languages
Central steppe-culture animal vocabulary. The Common Turkic livestock words are remarkably stable — horse, sheep, dog, cattle preserve their proto forms across the whole family.
8 rows · 10 languages
Basic motion and posture verb stems (given in the infinitive -mAk / -w form of each language). Some of the oldest and most stable roots in Turkic — kel- 'come' and bar- 'go' are attested in the Orkhon inscriptions.
7 rows · 10 languages
Basic time-of-day and season vocabulary. Preserves *kün 'day', *tün 'night', *yıl 'year' virtually unchanged across the whole family.
6 rows · 10 languages
The pan-Turkic verb *kel- 'come' (attested in the 8th-century Orkhon inscriptions as kel-) in simple past tense across all six persons. Shows the classic Turkic PAST-TENSE MARKER *-DI- + agglutinated person suffixes. This is the most stable verb paradigm in the family — every branch preserves the *-DI- past clearly.
6 rows · 10 languages
The AORIST tense (habitual / general present / 'come, generally' or 'will come' depending on the language). Uses the *-Ur / *-Ar aorist marker + person suffixes. Old Turkic used the analytic 'verb + personal pronoun' pattern (kelür men 'I come'); the modern languages fused these into single words.
6 rows · 10 languages
Rows are sound-law features rather than concepts. Each row demonstrates a flagship Turkic sound change by showing how a specific proto-form surfaces across every branch.
8 rows · 10 languages